The Anorexia Relapse Prevention Guidelines - 1129 Words

The Anorexia Relapse Prevention Guidelines in Practice: A Case Report Introduction Anorexia Nervosa is a fairly common and very consequence psychiatric disorder that affects a person’s desire to consume nutrients because they believe that they are overweight. Women are more likely then men to develop this specific disorder and teenagers aged 15 to 19 are at the highest risk of anyone (Berends, Van Meijel, Van Elburg, 2012). Individual’s affected by Anorexia Nervosa Disorder will refuse to maintain a healthy body weight for their size and instead will starve themselves in an attempt to loose weight. The lack of nutrients within their body and lack of fats left after starving themselves affects not only their physical functioning but also their psychological functioning. There has been much advancement in developing treatment for individuals affected by Anorexia Nervosa. Treatment typically consists of careful monitoring of the individual’s food intake, their weight, BMI, and their psychological state. However relapse is extremely common after full treatment occurs. It is estimated that 30-50% of individuals who are treated for Anorexia Nervosa will relapse, with the likelihood of relapse decreasing to almost zero two years after discharge (Berends, Van Meijel, Van Elburg, 2012). Determining if an individual is going through relapse has been broken down into six key symptoms: 1. â€Å"Weight Loss leading to a body mass index below 18.5 or to body weight less than 85% of thatShow MoreRelatedAnorexia Is An Eating Disorder2807 Words   |  12 PagesAnorexia is an eating disorder that affects men, women, and children of all ages, social backgrounds and socio- economic status’s. It is a lifelong struggle for people who suffer from Anorexia; however, recovery can be achieved when the eating disorder goes into remission. A person with anorexia has to change many things about themselves in order to have a successful recovery. One has to develop better eating habits with a combined lifestyle change of diet, exercise, and sleep. The underlying issuesRead More Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy And Exposure With Response Prevention In The Treatment Of Bulimia Nervosa3130 Words   |  13 PagesCognitive-Behavioral Therapy And Exposure With Response Prevention In The Treatment Of Bulimia Nervosa Bulimia nervosa is an eating disorder with psychological, physiological, developmental, and cultural components. The disorder is commonly characterized by binge eating followed by inappropriate compensatory behaviors, such as self-induced vomiting, excessive exercise, fasting, and the misuse of diuretics, laxatives or enemas. Patients properly diagnosed with bulimia nervosaRead MoreTaking a Look at Eating Disorders1708 Words   |  7 Pagesmental as well as physical health. Anorexia nervosa and bulimia nervosa are the most common types. Others are binge eating disorder and eating disorder not otherwise specified. Classification: †¢ Anorexia nervosa (AN), †¢ Bulimia nervosa (BN), †¢ Eating disorders not otherwise specified †¢ Binge eating disorder (BED) or compulsive overeating, †¢ Pica The two most common types, Anorexia nervosa and Bulimia nervosa are described below: Anorexia Nervosa: Anorexia nervosa (AN) is a psychiatric disorderRead More Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT) and Management of Anorexia2258 Words   |  10 PagesIntroduction In this paper, I will discuss how cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) can be utilized in the management of eating disorders. More specifically I will identify Anorexia Nervosa and provide statistics that relate to the disease. Etiologies will be discussed as well as symptoms. Various techniques of Cognitive Behavioral Therapy will be described as well as the rationale as it relates to the clinical issue. Therapy has been used for many generations as a mean to resolve dilemmas in aRead MoreAnorexia has many negative effects as well. According to the University of Maryland Medical Centers1700 Words   |  7 PagesAnorexia has many negative effects as well. According to the University of Maryland Medical Centers article Eating Disorders, â€Å"Anorexia nervosa can increase the risk for serious health problems such as: hormonal changes including reproductive, thyroid, stress, and growth hormones, heart problems such as abnormal heart rhythm, electrolyte imbalance, fertility problems, bone density loss, anemia, and neurological problems.† Anorexia can severely affect a person internally. The continuous lack of nutrientsRead MoreBulimia Nervosa Argument1639 Words   |  7 Pagesweight, image, and eating. Finally, the third phase (the last three therapy sessions) is primarily concerned with the maintenance of change after the end of the treatment. The psychologist, along with the p atient, construe many strategies to prevent relapse in order to prepare for any possible setbacks (Agras et. al). The origin of CBT began with cognitive behavioral couples interventions for depression, smoking, and anxiety disorders. This program was said assist the healthy partner in guiding hisRead MoreThe Mantle Cell Lymphoma ( Mcl )1697 Words   |  7 Pagescommon in men in their later years (60s) and is a slow growing cancer (2015). The gentleman presented in this case study has been diagnosed with MCL; his medical findings, plan of care and treatment will be discussed and correlated with today’s guidelines and practices for the MCL population in making his cancer history. Case Study Subject GB is a very pleasant individual who was admitted for chemotherapy. GB is a 41 y/o Hispanic male with an oncology diagnosis of MCL. The expected duration of thisRead MoreHepatitis Case Study Essay3900 Words   |  16 Pagesprotect against Hepatitis A. INCORRECT There is a vaccination for Hepatitis A. However, it is a single dose with an available booster dose administered after 6-12 months. This vaccination is not routinely recommended for healthcare workers. Prevention of Hepatitis Hepatitis can be caused by hepatotoxins or medications, but the primary cause is viral. Viral Hepatitis is transmitted by two major routes: enteral (oral-fecal) and percutaneous/mucosal (blood or blood products, other body fluids,Read MorePsy Evaluation Essay11057 Words   |  45 Pageswhat action with individuals whose legal problems are related to their addiction? A. decarceration – treatment in the community B. incarceration – treatment in the prison system C. requirement to serve out the remainder of prison term, in case of relapse D. moving clients into â€Å"wet house†. ANS:A PG46 22.Human rights apartments for formerly homeless people in San Francisco A.are abstinence based. B.reduce costs to the cities by $1,000 per month. C.actually increase the hospitalization rates of residentsRead MoreOcd - Symptoms, Causes, Treatment131367 Words   |  526 Pagesgreater emphasis on cognitive factors might enhance a behavioral account of OCD can be traced back to Carr (1974), McFall and Wollersheim (1979), Rachman and Hodgson (1980), and Salkovskis (1985). Behavior therapy in the form of exposure and response prevention (ERP), which emerged in the 1960s and 1970s, proved to be a highly effective treatment for many forms of OCD. Behavioral research on obsessions and compulsions offered new insights into the pathogenesis of the disorder. Yet, by the early 1980s,

Sexually Explicit Advertising is Detrimental to Society...

Sexually Explicit Advertising is Detrimental to Society Just how far should advertisers go to sell a product? Individuals are reminded that a new age in advertising has emerged when Britney Spears and Victorias Secret model Tricia Helfer grace the cover of Forbes, a traditionally mature financial magazine. However, as any good advertiser knows, sex sells; all people need to do is look at a newsstand or magazine rack. But while it sells, it also offends as the promiscuous use of sexual images in advertising rubs many consumers the wrong way. The current increase of sexually explicit advertising, while increasing sales, has many detrimental effects on society. New regulations or other forms of control need to be implemented to protect†¦show more content†¦Shari Graydon, President of MediaWatch contends, â€Å"when it comes to the youth sell, the id ea of being rebellious is very big† (Menzies, 1). However, according to a study recently published in the scholarly Journal of Communications, â€Å"magazines that counsel girls in the years of their emerging and maturing sexuality urge them to be enthusiasti c consumers in pursuit of perfection and serve as field guides for haphazard sexual indulgences† (Fitzpatrick, 1). Often, advertisers relay the underlying assumption that readers are or will soon be engaging in sexual activity. Thus, viewing sexual imag es of young people and objectionable content in advertisements has become commonplace, forcing society to question the values being communicated to young people. As stated in the Calvin Klein Brochure, â€Å"1963 in America: anything was possible. 1993 in America: anything goes. If youve had enough, youre not alone.† It is now the year 2001 and advertisers are still pushing their limits. While designer brands , beauty products, fragrances and alcohol dominate sexual appeal in advertising, companies today are now manipulating â€Å"unsexy† products such as razors, cameras, and credit cards in ads to form a sex appeal as well. Needless to say, no standards have been enforced in the advertising industry to protect viewers morals. Indeed, â€Å"advertising executives have co-opted the counter-culture, trying toShow MoreRelatedSexual Objectification Of Music Videos And How Adolescents Are Affected Essay1068 Words   |  5 Pages such as YouTube, anyone can watch music videos at any time of the day. Online music video sites draw an average of 150 million people each month who view more than two billion videos per day (Mischner, Schie, Wigboldus, Baaren, Engels, 2013). Sexually objectifying music videos have increased in the last couple of decades. With this, more adolescents are being influenced by viewing these videos and mostly all of them are affected in some way, either positive or negative. What a lot of people doRead MoreAdvertising Appeals Aim For The Audience1077 Words   |  5 Pagesthe end she appears in a bikini nearly nude â€Å"I love going all natural,† she purrs, opening wide to take a bite out of a big, juicy, â€Å"all natural† hamburger. Advertising appeals aim to influence th e way consumers view themselves and how buying certain products can prove to be beneficial for them. The message conveyed through the advertising appeals influences the purchasing decisions of consumers. In this case, the advertisement was aired by Carl’s Jr fast food restaurant to advertise their newRead More On-line Dangers Essay1384 Words   |  6 Pageslibraries are helpful, some, such as student’s personal homepages are fairly useless, and some sites, such as online medical references, can be lifesaving. All these sites have a right to be on the web. However, there are also sites that could be detrimental to people, such as pornography sites, pages detailing the manufacture of illegal drugs, and instructions on how to build high explosives and other illegal devices. With the number of these types increasing daily, parents and lawmakers alike areRead MoreSexual Appeals in Advertising and Their Effects on Consumers2984 Words   |  12 Pages †¢ Sexual appeals in advertisment †¢ Why sex sells? †¢ What to be careful of when using sexual appeals in marketing. †¢ Effectivness of sex appeal. †¢ Positive roles of sexual appeals in advertising. †¢ Negative roles of sexual appeals in advertising. †¢ Conclusion †¢ Pictures †¢ References Introduction: Sex Appeal is one such method of differentiation that suppliers have found and proven to be successful. By targeting our basic animalisticRead MoreThe Effect of Advertisements on Youth Essay2067 Words   |  9 PagesDuring any given day, a person is exposed to a constant stream of advertising. It has become a part of life, quietly seeping into the subconscious while watching television programs, shopping for groceries, or even on the daily commutes. The main purpose of advertising is to illicit an emotion that drives us to purchase the end product. They influence attitudes, ideas and behaviors in those watching, and unfortunately those shifts aren’t always toward the positive. In the last ten years, there hasRead More The Negative Effects of Advertisements on Men and Women Essay2675 Words   |  11 PagesThe idea that advertising directly effects how individuals look at each other and themselves is not a new one. The idea has been around almost as long as advertising has. The idea that it creates a negative body image is a good theory, and is highly supported by public opinion. Advertisers use all sorts of ploys to get a person to buy their product, but in their message can be detrimental to the goals of society. Television is the easiest medium to transmit the advertisers message. It can go deeperRead More The Portrayal of Women in Advertising Essay examples2733 Words   |  11 Pages Women – beautiful, strong matriarchal forces that drive and define a portion of the society in which we live – are poised and confident individuals who embody the essence of determination, ambition, beauty, and character. Incomprehensible and extraordinary, women are persons who possess an immense amount of depth, culture, and sophistication. Society’s incapability of understanding the frame of mind and diversity that exists within the female population has created a need to condemn the method inRead MoreSexualized Culture And Its Effects On Hyp er Sexuality Disorder2920 Words   |  12 Pagesemotional and physical distress. The sexualized nature of the American culture combined with the overwhelming amount of online pornography is a major contributing factor to the prevalence of hyper sexuality disorder. Sex is seen everywhere, in advertising, entertainment, pop culture, and daily life, and has become intensely intrusive at a psychological level within people. Because of the ever-growing amount of pornography and sex seen throughout our everyday lives, it is no wonder that those thatRead MoreMasculinity in the Media3136 Words   |  13 Pagessymbol of American machosism and patriotism. (Warner Pg. 151) The media today, portrays risk taking as masculine. In the past decade extreme sports has contributed to the creation of rebel masculinity that is packaged and sold to consumers. The advertising for this market has been characterized by the willingness to take dangerous risks. One Boost Mobile ad depicts BMX rider Rick Thorne with a text that reads â€Å"broke my arm, my leg and my teeth but not my bank†. Monster Energy employs several highRead MoreDigital Media3731 Words   |  15 Pagesinfluence people. But the degree of that influence, as well as who is most-impacted, when, how and why, have been the subjects of great debate among communication scholars for nearly a century. Media effects refers to the many ways individuals and society may be influenced by both news and entertainment mass media, including film, television, radio, newspapers, books, magazines, websites, video games, and music. To understand digital media effects, it is first critical to consider how media are used

A Case Study That Refelcets on the Inception and Growth of Jelly Belly. Free Essays

Jelly Belly, Case Study Jorge Nolasco and Jason Ilarraza Operations and Supply Chain Management Naval Postgraduate School February 28, 2013 This Case study is based on Jelly Belly and the actions taken by the founder, to grow the Company, and loose the company to Goelitz Inc. The focus of the case study will address Jelly Belly’s strategy and sustainability, strategy and capacity management, and sales and operational planning. At 18 David Klein was in business selling popcorn with his uncle while attending UCLA. We will write a custom essay sample on A Case Study That Refelcets on the Inception and Growth of Jelly Belly. or any similar topic only for you Order Now He worked his way through law school by selling popcorn. David decided not take the bar exam but pursue a career he was captivated by, making and selling candy. David Kline a quirky and creative candy maker has invented over 450 types of candy. His most famous candy was Jelly Belly. David first opened and operated a wholesale nut and raisin business and attained experience and a reputation in the Los Angelos Area with local distributors of nuts, raisins, and candies. While operating and maintaining the wholesale nut and raisin business, David developed a gourmet jelly bean, he coined Jelly Belly. Jelly Belly’s competitive dimension was quality. David’s vision was to create a high-end jelly bean, with a premium quality, flavor, and a unique shape. David created the original 8 flavors in 1975. David approached Herman Goelitz, president of the Goelitz Candy Inc. , a generational candy business, founded in 1869, primarily known for fine candy corn, with a business proposal for production of the Jelly Belly. Mr. Goelitz began business with David and began the production of the 8 flavors David had created in 1976. The first flavors were Very Cherry, Tangerine, Lemon, Green Apple, Grape Jelly, Licorice, Root Beer, and Cream Soda. David was familiar with the successful main stream marketing strategies of McDonalds and Burger King. He created the Jelly Belly logo, in bright yellow and red. Soon after, David acquired a space in a store front operation. He wanted a place to sell, where publicity could be generated, that was bright and cheerful. He attained a space in the ice cream parlor with $800. He placed a stand in the corner of the parlor. The product was appealing yet it did not sell; the price for the jelly beans was outrageous. The candy industry was late in getting price increases, the candy industry was locked into low end prices. Afraid to make better candy because distributors would not purchase on the basis that customers did not want to pay more for a quality candy but expected to pay a low price for candy. Total sales for the first seven-day period was $44. David called the associated press and invited the press to his store front in the parlor, and created a set up to demonstrate to the press that he was doing well with the Jelly Belly business and to expose the press to the taste and quality of the Jelly Belly. The press report declared Jelly Belly to be the new candy craze. David continued with the momentum he had received from the press conference. David appeared on TV shows, radio shows and phone orders were directed to the ice cream parlor. Pres. Ronald Reagan, sampled Jelly Belly’s and loved them. He ordered 60 cases monthly. Local distributors began to sell and make a profit from Jelly Belly. $5 would ship 2lbs anywhere in the US. Soon after he established push carts in Holly Wood, Beverly Hills and Century City. The carts were visited by celebrities and this attracted more publicity. The demand for Jelly Belly grew at a very rapid rate after David worked diligently on attaining publicity for Jelly Belly. Goelitz Candy Inc. did not have the resources to support the demand for Jelly Belly. The back log for Jelly Belly grew rapidly reaching a climax of over a one year waiting list for delivery. David did not take needed action to plan for and mitigate the risk of having one supplier and logistics failures. David lacked the ability to deal with supply chain coordination risks; Jelly Belly was lacking safety stocks, safety lead times, multiple suppliers or alternate suppliers. Goelitz Candy Inc. was Jelly Belly’s, sole manufacturer. David was unable to determine the overall capacity level of capital intensive resources that best supported the Co. ‘s long term competitive strategy. Jelly Bellies were produced in the Goelitz Plant, the PWP concept was utilized. Goelitz lacked capacity flexibility. Goelitz was unable to increase production of the Jelly Belly, they were unable to shift production capacity quickly enough from other products to the Jelly Belly products. Operational Effectiveness at the candy plant and for Jelly Belly were poor; either stakeholder did not have control initiatives or planning and control systems that could mitigate meeting the high demand. The leadership of Goelitz The high quality of the Jelly Belly was a trade off to low Inc. st. The order winning criterion for Jelly Belly was quality; the order qualifier was the 25 distinct flavors and colors. Herman Goelitz Inc. convinced David Klein that 200 hundred employees relied on his decision to sell JB to the Goelitz Candy Inc. David lacked legal representation at the meeting. David sold Jelly Belly trademark for 4. 8 million to Goelitz Candy Inc.. The 4. 8 million was paid over 20 years, 20,000 monthly. Had David not accepted the deal by Goelitz Candy Inc.. , Goelitz had immediate plans to stop producing Jelly Belly for David and anticipated David running out of money attempting to fight Goelitz in court. If the David would have negotiated to keep his existing royalty agreement the deal would have been worth several hundred million since 1980. LL ? Supply Chain Risks were not identified or mitigated by David Kline; Jelly Belly had one sole producer, Goelitz Candy Inc. David lacked the ability to deal with supply chain coordination risks ; Jelly Belly was lacking safety stocks, safety lead times, multiple suppliers or alternate suppliers. ? David lacked legal representation during negotiations with Goelitz Candy Inc. ? ? Goelitz was unable to increase production of Jelly Bellies, they were unable to shift production capacity quickly enough from other produ cts to the Jelly Belly products. ? Subcontracting and outsourcing could have been a part of the Production Planning Strategies on the part of David and the Goelitz Candy Inc. Jelly Belly continues to grow and introduce new flavors. Currently there are 102 flavors. ? Its competitive dimension still focuses on quality/ order qualifier is the variety of flavors. ? Production / 100,000 pounds per day, or 1,250,000 beans an hour. ? Employee loyalty is the most important influence behind Goelitz’s Inc. record-setting production. ? Jelly Belly has become more automated, and has also expanded. Increased sales have allowed Goelitz Inc. to buy new equipment and keep all employees busy. ? Jelly Belly accounts for 70% of the Goelitz Candy Inc. sales, over $200 million in 2008. ? How to cite A Case Study That Refelcets on the Inception and Growth of Jelly Belly., Free Case study samples

Venezuela Kyoto Protocol Refusal free essay sample

Venezuela is a nation emerging from the corruption of two century’s plagued by greedy military dictator and bloody revolutions that left hundreds of thousands dead. During the 21st century Venezuela eventually became a democratic nation when its first democratically elected president, Romulo Gallegos, in which he ruled until 1947. The last of the military coups put him out of office and landed Perez Jimenez, the corrupt power monger only worsened the corruption within the already struggling nation. Ten years later Jimenez was booted and the democratic elections returned and Venezuela. Ever since 145 Venezuela has been recognized as a Democratic Nation by the United Nations. Oil had been one of Venezuela’s top export since the Oil Crisis of 1973 where Oil prices doubled and created an economic boom, in which Venezuela came to realize the true potential of the massive reserves of â€Å"Black Gold† that laid in wait under the soil. Venezuela is ranked in the top ten for crude oil producers in the world. We will write a custom essay sample on Venezuela Kyoto Protocol Refusal or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page In 2009 alone Venezuela exported $57. 6 billion worth of petroleum. In 2004 Ana Elisa Osorio, the nations minister of the Environment and Natural Resources, signed the Kyoto Protocol, with the intention of decreasing greenhouse gas emission to 5% below there previous green house emissions in 1990. The Prime Minister announced the creation of new departments (Ministry of the Environment and Natural Resources (MARN), Energy and Mines, Planning and Development, Agriculture and Lands, Infrastructure, as well as the national oil company, Petroleos de Venezuela ) to help with monitoring the decrease in emissions. Although this was a valiant attempt by the UN to set a standard of greener living it was a little far fetched. Venezuela has such a vast, rich quantity of oil that it was difficult to reduce the industry because if it wanted to be an international competitor in the world market it couldn’t slow down on its biggest moneymaker. So oil production eventually increased during the time under the Kyoto protocol, and coincidently so did Venezuelan green house gas emissions. Emissions fluctuated between lows of 5. 1 and highs of 7. 6 metric tons of CO2. When 2008 rolled around Venezuela had dropped from 6. 2 MT to an even 6 MT showing a drop of 3% in greenhouse gas emissions. This wasn’t the target but it was still upheld an impressive employment growth which usually plagues Latin American nations. Based on the efforts and results from 1990 to 2005 I cant recommend that Venezuela partake in the re-ratification of the Kyoto Protocol. A reduction of 10% emissions is an unreachable goal, and will only become counter productive in the efforts put forth to improve the Venezuelan economy. We would be fighting against our strongest source of income to appease some environmentalists at the UN. We strongly support an ever-growing green word, and have sectioned off almost 33% of our bio-diverse forests to National Parks along with 70% under some sort of conservation supervision, so this is not a blow to our relation ship with earth because that is something that is cherished by every Venezuelan. It only means that diplomatically it is an unwise decision and will only negatively affect the country.

Gun Control Essays (297 words) - Gun Politics, Firearms, Gun Control

Gun Control Are you ready to die? What's more, are you ready to kill? When you hold a gun anywhere but the firing range you'd better be ready and able to use it or die. Don't get me wrong; just because you carry a gun doesn't mean people automatically start being violent towards you but if you get in a fight and someone realizes you have a gun it's more than likely that they will pull one and shoot you if they have it. Most people think that a gun will make them invincible but the truth is: Every bullet is another life and every gun is another instrument of death. The more people that carry guns, the more people that die. On the flip side, if nobody but the military carries guns then the people the control the military have free reign over everyone. It is a nice thought to have absolutely nobody carry guns but unfortunately that goes strictly against the human nature that is ?create to destroy?. It is a pessimistic view but unfortunately it has been repeated consistently enough to have backing. I wish there was an easy answer to it all but there isn't. I have come to the conclusion that everyone should be allowed to carry a gun, but everyone should have to go through a psychological evaluation before they can buy one in order to determine whether they are more of a danger to others and themselves with a gun or not. Another stage of getting a gun after that level is to be taught the full consequences of killing a person. It should be a much harder process to get a gun then it is, but after passing; the people should be given a license to carry firearms. Legal Issues

The factors affecting tensile strength Essay Example

The factors affecting tensile strength Essay Example The factors affecting tensile strength Paper The factors affecting tensile strength Paper I am comparing four sets of data. My data will be categorical. There is a simple statistical test which looks at the difference between observed and expected values and relates them to a probability level, thus making it possible to identify how likely it is that the values are significantly different. This test is called the Chi squared test. Precautions to ensure reliability   We are assuming ethnic background does not affect our results. It will not cause a massive variation in our conclusion.   All hair samples must be taken from 16-18 year old females. 6 different samples must be taken for each colour of hair. Make sure all equipment is set up; ensuring the strand of hair is fastened to the shown equipment correctly. (Figure 5). * Each hair is tested five times, so I am repeating the experiment, to make my results reliable and more accurate. Results (My own (raw data) results will be highlighted in dark red on tables 2, 3, 4 5). (The letter B is used in my results to show where the hair broke). Investigating the factors affecting tensile strength of human hair Analysing: (Skill C) Calculations Strength is determined by the amount of stress a hair can withstand without breaking. To work out the strength of each hair I calculated the stress applied to each when breaking. To do all the calculations I used the following formulas: 1  I calculated my values to do the statistical test. Discussion Melanin molecules are proteins, which are produced at the root of each hair. The more melanin in your hair, the darker it will get. An amino acid called tyrosine is converted into melanin so the hair will have colour. First, the bodys blood vessels carry tyrosine to the bottom of each hair follicle. Then, in this melanin factory tyrosine is used as the raw material for the production of the natural melanin that is the colour in hair. In short, natural hair colour depends upon the presence, amount and distribution of melanin, a natural pigment found in the cortex. All natural hair colours are created from two types of melanin. Eumelanin = black pigment Pheomelanin = red/yellow pigment Mixed melanins = when both eumelanin and pheomelanin mix together inside one melanin granule. The natural colour of the hair is decided by: a) What type of melanin is in the hair b) How much melanin is in the hair c) How closely packed or scattered the melanin is within the cortex. The type of melanin and the size of the granules determine whether hair will be brown, blonde, ginger or black. The amount of melanin and its distribution determine how dark or light the hair colour will be. Black hair is created from granules full of eumelanin densely packed in the hairs cortex. Brown hair, depending on its cool or warm tones and its darkness or lightness, is created either from granules filled with eumelanin and more sparsely distributed along the cortex than those of black hair, or granules filled with a blend of mixed melanins. The red/yellow pheomelanin is believed to cause the warm, golden, or auburn tones found in most brown hair. Blonde hair has a very low melanin content. And while scientists have not yet determined which is dominant, it is believed that eumelanin creates blonde hair. Melanin in blonde hair is so sparse that what we actually see is the colour of the hair fibre itself, keratin, which is a pale yellow, off-white shade. Granules filled with pheomelanin create Ginger hair. The pheomelanin in ginger hair is less densely packed in its granules. Its shape is somewhat more irregular than its black counterpart, eumelanin. It is slightly rounder and more spread out. From my results I found out that brown hair needed the greatest amount of force to break. Blonde hair needed the least amount of force to break. Black hair was second strongest and ginger hair was third strongest. The order of strength (from my results) of hair is as follows: Brown, Black, Ginger, and then Blonde. Brown hair stretched the most before breaking. Blonde hair stretched the least before breaking. Black hair stretched the second furthest and ginger hair stretched the third furthest. The order of length of hair stretched (from my results) before breaking is as follows: Brown, Black, Ginger, and then Blonde. Brown hair experienced the highest strain before breaking and blonde hair experienced the lowest strain before breaking. The order of strain experienced by hair (from my results) before breaking is as follows: Brown, Black, Ginger, and then Blonde. Brown hair experienced the highest tensile stress value before breaking and blonde experienced the lowest tensile stress value before breaking. The order of tensile stress experienced by hair (from my results) before breaking is as follows: Brown, Ginger, Black, and then Blonde. Graph 1 shows the average force required to break the four colours of hair. From this graph I can see that brown hair required the greatest force to break. Black hair also required a large amount of force to break and so did ginger hair. Black hair only required a small amount of more force to break then ginger hair. The breaking force required for brown, black and ginger hair was quite similar. Blonde hair required much less force to break compared to the other colours of hair. This proves that the disulphide bonds in the blonde hair are not a big advantage for strength of the hair. The darker the hair the stronger the force required for the bonds in the hair to break. The darker the hair the more resistant it is to breaking when forces are applied. The darker the hair the higher concentrations of melanin present along the hair cortex. The same sort of pattern is seen in graphs 2, 3, 4 and 5. Graphs 2, 3, 4 and 5 show the extension of hair when masses are added. Blonde hair breaks the earliest and brown hair breaks the latest. Graph 2 shows brown hair. Brown hair requires about 120g to extend up to about 70mm before breaking. The graph follows a basic trend and there are no anomalous results. All results fit the line of best fit. Graph 3 shows blonde hair. Blonde hair requires about 80g to extend up to about 35mm before breaking. The graph follows the basic trend and most results fit the line of best fit. There is one anomaly, though. The extension should not increase and then decrease. It should keep on decreasing. There must have been an error in recording this result. The results in graphs 2, 3, 4 and 5 are all averages. To work out the blonde values in table 32, the results in tables 12, 13, 14, 15, 16 and 17 were used. There was only one value for the extension at 80g, in table 15. This value was smaller than the average of all the extensions in all six tables. This sample of hair should have broken at 80g not 90g. This did not happen. This may have been an error in not measuring correctly. Graph 4 shows ginger hair. Ginger hair requires about 100g to extend up to about 60mm before breaking. The graph follows the basic trend until it gets to 55g point. From this point onwards the hair length increases and decreases dramatically. This should not happen. The reason why this happens is described above with the blonde hair. It is an error in measuring. Graph 5 shows black hair. Black hair requires about 140g to extend up to about 65mm before breaking. This graph is perfect. There are no anomalies. All points meet the line of best fit accurately. Graph 6 shows the average stresses and strains experienced by each hair colour. All four hair colours are plotted on the same graph so they can be easily compared against each other. Brown, blonde and ginger hairs do not follow the normal trend. The stresses and strains for these three should continue to increase. Tables 57, 58, 59 and 60 show where the stress and strain values came form. The results are like this because when the stress and strain values were calculated the average extensions were used, which had a few faults, as describe above. Graphs 7, 8, 9 and 10 show clearly what is happening to the stress-strain curves. Graph 7 shows one anomalous result. It has a high stress and strain value. Graph 8 also shows only one anomalous result. These two graphs show the basic trend. Graph 9 shows the normal trend until the stress value gets to 150Nm-2. Then it decreases and goes back on itself. This should not happen. The reason for this is explained above. There is an error in the extension averages. Graph 10 shows no anomalies. Graphs 11, 12, 13 and 14 show modified values for stress and strain in all colours of hair. Graph 11 shows the modified stresses and strains for brown hair. This graph does not bend backwards and the stress and strain values do not decrease. Graph 12 shows the modified stresses and strains for blonde hair. This graph does not show values of stress and strain decreasing. Graph 13 shows the modified stresses and strains for ginger hair. This graph has changed a lot. It reads much clearer. Stress and strain increases throughout. This is exactly what the graph should look like. Graph 14 is the same as graph 10. It did not need any modifications. The toughness of a hair is measured of its resistance to break. A lot of energy is required to break a tough material. Finally, the strength of a material (or tensile strength) is the greatest tensile stress it can undergo before breaking. Hair is an elastic material; it can stretch to a certain maximum point (elastic point) before breaking. The largest tensile stress that can be applied to a material before it breaks is known as its ultimate tensile stress (UTS). This value is sometimes referred to as the materials breaking stress. Graph 7 shows the stress-strain points for brown hair. Graph 11 shows a modified version of this. The UTS for brown hair is 359. 03. Graph 8 shows stress-strain points for blonde hair. Graph 12 shows a modified version of this. The UTS for blonde hair is 125. 48. Graph 9 shows the stress-strain for ginger hair. Graph 13 shows a modified version of this. The UTS for ginger hair is 286. 58. Graph 10 shows the stress-strain points for black hair. Graph 14 shows a modified version of this. The UTS for black hair is 158. 31. Overall I can see that brown hair was the strongest. This was not expected. I expected black hair to have the highest tensile strength, as it had a higher density of melanin along the cortex. Blonde hair turned out to be the one with the lowest tensile stress. Ginger haired people have a high density of the pheomelanin pigments in their hair fibre. Those who produce virtually no eumelanin have a red to orange colour depending on the density of the pigment in the hair fibre. Red haired people who have a greater relative proportion of eumelanin production have a deeper red to red brown colour. Ginger hair also should have a high tensile strength. This is what I saw in my results. Black hair should also have a high tensile strength. My results showed black hair to have high tensile strength but not the highest. There are other ways in which hair tensile strength could have been measured. Hair products like shampoos have an effect on hair tensile strength. They are now designed to change hair strengths. Different makes of hair shampoos could be used. Strength could be measured in a similar way to how I measured it. A control will be also be needed, with hair with no products added. These modifications in Graphs 11, 12, 13 and 14 show what the stress strain graphs should look like. In Graphs 7, 8, 9 and 10 the lines should not bend backwards. Statistical Test I will be using the (Chi squared test) X2. The formula for the Chi squared test is as follows: X2 = ? [(O E) 2 /E] O = Observed value E = Expected value The ((O E) 2) part of the formula considers the size of the difference between the observed and expected values. This difference could be either positive or negative. To avoid the mathematical problems associated with negative values, the difference is squared. The (E) part of the formula relates the size of the difference to the magnitude of the numbers involved. The sigma (? ) sum symbol is required because there is not just one pair of observed and expected values, but several (in this case four). By taking all the observed values of stress from tables 57, 58, 59 and 60, I can work out the expected value for each hair colour. I can then place these values in a table and work out the value for X2, using the chi squared formula. To calculate the degrees of freedom to be used can be found as follows: Number of categories minus 1. In this case: 4 1 = 3 The critical value (taken from critical values for the Chi squared test) at 3 degrees of freedom is 7. 81 (at the 5% level). The test statistic (X2 = 94. 235) is greater than the critical value(C. V = 7. 81, at the 5% significance level). We therefore can reject the null hypothesis and state there is a significant difference between the observed a Investigating the factors affecting tensile strength of human hair Evaluating: (Skill D) Limitations The selotape holding hairs in the paperclip at the top and at the bottom could have interfered with the tertiary structure of the protein, keratin. This could have increased or decreased the bond attractions in the hair to cause the hair to have a high or low tensile stress. This would make my results unreliable. The hairs showing higher tensile stress may just be showing how sticky the selotape is and how strongly it is holding the hair structure together. This though, would affect all my results, as all hair samples had selotape on them to hold them together at the top and at the bottom. So, this limitation would affect all hairs making it a very weak limitation. My conclusion will not be affected as this limitation affects all hairs.   The time in between weights were added is another limitation. When each weight was added the hair stretched. But when there were a lot of weights on hair, the hair stretched quickly and then the length was measured. After I finished measuring the hair had slowly stretched a little bit more. So the measurement was wrong. When the next weight was added extra extension was added onto the new extension. My results were affected by this because some extensions were false making some data imprecise. Therefore, my conclusion will be invalid, because some hair samples could have broken at lower weights if I had waited for the hair to stretch, very slowly until it broke. There needed to be a time limit in which I had to record the extension of the hair, before adding the next weight to the hair. The eye piece graticule can be a limiting factor. Different people measured hair thickness and recorded it to what they felt the thickness ought to be according to the scale. It was not very clear to see how thick the hair was, as the hair was faded under the microscope at all magnifications and the outline was difficult to see. This could affect my results as the thickness of hairs was used to calculate the cross sectional area of the hairs, which was then used to calculate the tensile stress experienced by the hair. This could make my tensile stress values incorrect. My conclusion therefore could be affected; by making out that a certain coloured hair had a higher tensile stress than another coloured hair, when really it shouldnt have. This would make my conclusion unreliable.   There were different shades of hair colour, for example, there were light brown hair colours and dark brown hair colours. It was sometimes hard to distinguish between brown and blonde. This was the same for blonde hair. This would have an affect on the reliability and precision of my results making the accuracy of the strengths of different colours of colours of hair inaccurate. There should have been a certain shade of colour of hair (same amount of melanin in each brown hair) used for each colour sample. My conclusion will be imprecise because brown or blonde hair shades could cause incorrect results and make my conclusion incorrect.   The 10g mass is a limitation as the hair could break at lower masses than they actually did, for example a hair that broke at 50g could have broken at 41g, but I wouldnt know that as I only used 10g masses. So, I got false readings implying the hair is stronger than it actually is. If smaller masses were used my results would be much more accurate to make my conclusion reliable. This limitation could cause my conclusion to be invalid, causing the hairs strength and point on breaking higher or lower than it actually is. Conclusion After doing my statistical test I can reject my null hypothesis and accept my hypothesis and say that brown, blonde, ginger and black hairs differ in tensile strength. I have proved this difference in my calculations, mainly in graphs 1 and 6. From my results I can see that darker coloured has a higher tensile stress compared to lighter coloured hairs. In my hypothesis I said that lighter coloured hair would have a higher tensile strength than darker coloured hair, due to lighter coloured hair having sulphur-sulphide bonds, which are very strong. I have disproved this. Through testing all four colours of hair I can see that these strong sulphur bonds do not reflect any tensile strength qualities. Lighter coloured hair does not have an advantage over dark coloured hair when it comes to tensile strength. It mainly depends on the type of melanin the hair contains. The denser the melanin quantity is the stronger the hair.

Constitutional Law Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Constitutional Law - Research Paper Example The legislative branch of the United States federal government is the framer of Article One of the United States Constituency. This article is comprised of various sections and sub-sections that deals with structure, composition and functional ability of the government (See Touby vs. United States, 191). However, the way this article is written, the language seems to more be favorable to the Congress and not others. As it says all the legislative powers should be vested in a Congress of United States. What if there is some other government gets the opportunity to form government. Then it would look like they will amend this section in favor of them and it would go on like that (Mistretta vs United States, 1989). Though Sections 9 and 10 deals with the limits of both Congress and States it would have been more impactful if the framer of the constitution would not get influenced while framing the Article. This article constitutes the executive branch of the government. This includes President, Vice President and other executive officers and staffs that are appointed by the President. In this article it is mentioned that the executive powers of the federal government is vested in the President (Woods, 2013). The language of this article is more impactful as it clearly states what are the roles and responsibilities of the President without confronting Congress or Republican Presidential Candidate. This article looks like the framer does not get influenced by any party or the government and the article clearly mentions that the President should hold the Office for four years along with the Vice President post which the election of the new President would be held according to the constitutional procedure (Vasan & Sidak, 2002). Unlike Articles I and II, Article III has only three sections. This section deals with federal courts and judicial powers of the States. This article establishes the judicial branch of the